The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on body composition and performance in collegiate females: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial

Table 3 Body composition outcomes

		Pre-Training	Post-Training	Effect Size	95% CI for Δ
Body Mass (kg)	B	70.2 ± 13.8	70.9 ± 13.8 ^a	0.06	−0.55, 1.93
Body Mass (kg)	PL	67.1 ± 10.1	68.3 ± 10.6 ^a	0.10	0.18, 2.13
Body Fat (%)	B	33.1 ± 9.3	29.7 ± 9.5 ^ab	− 0.44	−4.58, − 2.08
Body Fat (%)	PL	32.3 ± 6.2	30.6 ± 5.8 ^a	− 0.23	− 2.74, − 0.74
Fat Mass (kg)	B	23.9 ± 11.2	21.9 ± 11.4 ^ab	− 0.22	−2.76, − 1.30
Fat Mass (kg)	PL	22.0 ± 6.5	21.3 ± 6.6 ^a	− 0.09	− 1.59, 0.03
Fat Free Mass (kg)	B	46.0 ± 6.8	48.9 ± 6.3 ^a	0.49	1.31, 4.56
Fat Free Mass (kg)	PL	45.1 ± 5.6	47.0 ± 5.6 ^a	0.32	1.33, 2.52
Total Water (L)	B	32.8 ± 4.4	33.7 ± 4.3 ^a	0.22	−0.78, 2.45
Total Water (L)	PL	31.3 ± 3.8	32.9 ± 3.8 ^a	0.39	0.82, 2.44
Intracellular Water (L)	B	16.9 ± 2.3	17.7 ± 2.0 ^a	0.40	−0.10, 1.62
Intracellular Water (L)	PL	16.2 ± 1.9	17.3 ± 1.7 ^a	0.55	0.57, 1.54
Extracellular Water (L)	B	15.8 ± 2.4	15.9 ± 2.4	0.05	−0.80, 0.98
Extracellular Water (L)	PL	15.0 ± 1.9	15.6 ± 2.1	0.29	0.08, 0.20
RF Muscle Thickness (mm)	B	2.97 ± 0.64	3.11 ± 0.67 ^a	0.26	0.08, 0.19
RF Muscle Thickness (mm)	PL	2.84 ± 0.44	2.98 ± 0.54 ^a	0.26	0.09, 0.18

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